Carlota Perez
Perez, Carlota (2002). Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Table 2.1 (big bangs), Table 5.1 (bubbles, turning points, golden ages), and chapter 7 – PDF, for “a certain amount of circularity,” “a stylised description” and “a heuristic device.”
Perez, Carlota (2024). “What Is AI’s Place in History?” Project Syndicate, 11 March – article.
Quotations and episodes
- Intel, “The Story of the Intel 4004” – link. “In May 1971 … Intel CEO Robert Noyce repurchased rights to the chip for everything but calculators in exchange for returning Busicom’s $60,000 investment in its development.” The invoice on the page is a reconstruction: the parties, the sum, the date and the terms are documented; the paper is not.
- Levy, Steven (1984). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Part two, for the first Homebrew meeting, 5 March 1975.
- Wozniak, Steve (1984). “Homebrew and How the Apple Came to Be,” in Digital Deli – link; Wayback capture.
- Gates, Bill (1976). “An Open Letter to Hobbyists,” Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter 2(1), 3 February – scan; Wayback capture.
- Berners-Lee, Tim (1989). “Information Management: A Proposal,” CERN, March. CERN Document Server, with Sendall’s annotation; text.
- Torvalds, Linus (1991). comp.os.minix, 25 August – archive.
- Stoll, Clifford (1995). “The Internet? Bah!”, Newsweek, 27 February – PDF. The year tracking an intruder is his The Cuckoo’s Egg (1989).
- Krugman, Paul (1998). “Why Most Economists’ Predictions Are Wrong,” Red Herring, June – Wayback capture. His later acknowledgement is quoted by Snopes.
- David, Paul A. (1990). “The Dynamo and the Computer: An Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox.” American Economic Review 80(2), 355-361. – PDF. Motors on steam-era driveshafts, and the thirty-year delay.
- Joseph Horne Co. advertisement, Pittsburgh Sun, 29 September 1920 – referenced as a drawing, not a facsimile. KDKA centennial project (also covers Conrad and the 2 November 1920 broadcast); full text at the Consumer Technology Association. Conrad licensed 8XK in 1916; regular broadcast concerts began 1919-20. The story is told as allegory. KDKA is usually called the first commercial station, though Detroit’s 8MK/WWJ, which broadcast in August 1920 under an amateur licence, also claims this.
Numbers
- Netscape IPO, 9 August 1995 – Washington Post, 10 August 1995; Internet History Podcast for the two-hour halt and the $2.1 billion close.
- Nasdaq Composite, 5,048.62 on 10 March 2000 and 1,114.11 on 9 October 2002 – Wikipedia, stock market downturn of 2002.
- Nasdaq Composite, first record close since 2000, 23 April 2015 – MarketWatch.
- Nasdaq Composite, 2,205.32 at the close of 2005 – Los Angeles Times, 31 December 2005.
- Fiber, 1999-2001 – NYT, 18 June 2001; USA Today, 21 March 2002. The share lit is disputed; the industry association’s figure is in Light Reading and Lightwave.
- AdWords, 23 October 2000 – Google press release, Wayback capture, with “CPMs from $15 or 1.5 cents an impression.”
- AdWords Select, February 2002 – Slate; Search Engine Land.
- Google net income, $7.0 million in 2001 and $99.7 million in 2002 – Form S-1, 29 April 2004, selected consolidated financial data.
- NCSA HTTPd, the referer log, 1995 – 1.5 upgrade notes, Wayback capture; RefererLog directive.
- Wikipedia, 15 January 2001 – History of Wikipedia.
The second meter
- Netcraft, “Web Server Survey Turns 10, Finds 70 Million Sites,” 1 August 2005 – post. 18,957 in August 1995; 70,392,567 and the active sites table for August 2005.
- Prettejohn, Mike (2024). “So long and thanks for all the phish” – LinkedIn. He recalls the survey starting in May 1995; Netcraft’s milestone lists say August, and the page follows Netcraft.
- Netcraft, July 2000 Web Server Survey – post. The active sites method and register.com’s 1,414,626 template sites.
- Netcraft, December 2002 Web Server Survey – Wayback capture. The passage quoted on the page and the 2002 monthly table.
- Netcraft, “How many active sites are there?” – Wayback capture.
- Monthly hostnames, August 1995 to January 2004 – Hobbes’ Internet Timeline “WWW Growth” table, at s23 wiki; checked against BBC News, 11 January 2002 and the December 2002 page above.
- Monthly hostnames, 2002 to 2004 – InternetNews survey highlights for October 2002, January 2004, May 2004 and July 2004.
- Active sites tables, 2001 to 2004 – Netcraft surveys mirrored at LWN for November 2001, October 2002 and November 2002; Netcraft for November 2003 and December 2004.
The atlas
Dates from Perez, Table 5.1 as reproduced in the Engelsberg paper: canal mania 1793-97; railway mania 1848-50; the London-funded global build-up 1890-95; the roaring twenties 1929-33 (1929-43 in Europe); internet mania, with the fifth turning point 2001-???. Big bang years and names from Table 2.1; the second bubble 2004-2007 from the 2009 paper. The atlas draws rows in real years after each big bang; her figure aligns them by phase. The atlas and the curve are drawn to 2026, when the piece was written.